Exodus 21: Laws of Justice and Mercy

Key Verse: Exodus 21:12"Whoever strikes a man so that he dies shall be put to death."

God has given Israel the Ten Commandments, and now He begins to give them practical laws—instructions on how to live as His people. These laws cover justice, mercy, and daily life.

Justice and Fairness

God lays out laws that deal with personal injury, property rights, and social responsibility.

• Life matters. Murder is met with the death penalty (v. 12), but unintentional killing allows for refuge (v. 13).

• Slavery is regulated. Unlike in Egypt, where they were treated cruelly, God’s law ensures fair treatment. Hebrew servants are freed after six years (v. 2).

• Restitution is required. If a person injures another or damages property, they must make things right. This isn’t about revenge—it’s about responsibility.

  
  

An Eye for an Eye?

One of the most well-known verses comes from this chapter:

"If there is harm, then you shall pay life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot." (Exodus 21:23-24)

At first, this sounds harsh. But in reality, this law was meant to prevent excessive punishment. It ensured that justice was fair—the punishment should fit the crime.

Later, Jesus would take this even further:

"You have heard that it was said, ‘An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.’ But I say to you, Do not resist the one who is evil. But if anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also." (Matthew 5:38-39)

Jesus shows us that while justice is important, mercy is greater.

A Lesson for Us

God cares about how we treat others. His laws remind us that justice and mercy go hand in hand.

• Justice demands accountability. Sin has consequences, and God calls His people to live with integrity.

• Mercy reminds us that we have been forgiven. We don’t treat others with vengeance—we show them grace.

• Jesus fulfills the law. He took the punishment we deserved and gave us mercy instead.

Do we seek justice with fairness and compassion? Do we extend mercy because we have received it?

God calls us to live differently—not by the world’s standards, but by His heart for justice and grace.